Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Bangla - English Summary and Critical Review - PDF

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Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Bangla - English Summary and Critical Review - PDF

M.A Final Year
Department of English
Course Name: Prose
Enclouded Life and Literary Work
TopicsCivil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau
Bangla & English Summary And Critical Review also Characters
Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Bangla - English Summary and Critical Review - PDF M.A Final Year Department of English Course Name: Prose Enclouded Life and Literary Work Topics: Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Bangla & English Summary And Critical Review also Characters


Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau

āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ (Life and Work of Henry David Thoreau)


āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ: Henry David Thoreau ⧧⧍āχ āϜ⧁āϞāĻžāχ ā§§ā§Žā§§ā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āφāĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāϚ⧁āϏ⧇āϟāϏ āĻāϰ āĻ•āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž: āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Concord Academy, Harvard College, Harvard University-āϤ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻœā§€āĻŦāύ: āĻšā§‡āύāϰāĻŋ āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄ āĻĨā§‹āϰāĻŋāω āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āφāĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŋāĻ•, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāύāĻŋāĻ•, āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĨ¤ āĻĨā§‹āϰāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§‡āύ āĻŦāχāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϝāĻžāĻĒāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰ āϰāϚāύāĻž 'āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻ…āĻŦ⧇āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĨ¤

Literary Work of Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau āĻāϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦāχ
  1. āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§‡āύ
  2. āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻž
  3. āĻšāĻžāρāϟāĻž
  4. āĻ•āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ• āϰāĻŋāϭ⧇āύāϏ āĻ…āύ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻš
  5. āϕ⧇āĻĒ āϏāĻŋāĻ“āĻĄāĻŋ

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁: āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ ā§Ŧ āĻŽā§‡ ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧ⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āφāĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāϚ⧁āϏ⧇āϟāϏ āĻāϰ āĻ•āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁āĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻļāĻŋāϰ⧋āύāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ (About The Title Civil Disobedience


Thoreau's āĻāϰ āĻāχ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϟāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāϰ⧋āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ “Resistance to Civil Government"āĨ¤ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤ⧃āϤāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤ⧃āϤāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience" āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϤāĻž 'Civil Disobedience' āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻž āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ “Civil Disobedience' āĻ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϝāĻžāϜāĻ• āϝāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āωāχāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒ⧇āϞ⧇āχ, āϤāĻžāϰ āϰāϚāĻŋāϤ "The Duty of submission to civil Government' āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ— (About The Lesson)


āĻšā§‡āύāϰ⧀ āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϝāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāϕ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāω āχāĻ‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻāϕ⧇āĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āϚāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻāχ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāχ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϜāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āφāϰ āϕ⧇āω āύāύ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰāϏāύ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āϘāϰ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻžāĨ¤

āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϊāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻ“āĻ āĻžāϕ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇ āφāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āφāϏ⧇, āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āϕ⧋āύ āϜ⧈āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āĻšāϤ⧇ āφāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϕ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϧāϰ⧋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāχ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āφāχāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ā§°āĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āϰāĻž āĻāχāϏāĻŦ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϚāϞāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĨāϰ⧋ āϤāĻž āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāϤ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āϝāĻž āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻĄā§‡āύ āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇, āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĨ¤ āĻĨāϰ⧋ āϝāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦ⧇āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āφāϏ⧇, āĻĨāϰ⧋ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāσāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ (Bangla Summary)

Civil Disobedience (1849 ) āϘāϰ⧋āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϰāϚāύāĻž āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāϤ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻĨāϰ⧋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāϰ⧋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ āύāĻž āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻœā§‡āϞāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒ⧃āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāχ āĻ•āϰ āύāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž āϝ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ– āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āϝ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āύ āύāĻž āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāύ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āύāĨ¤

āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āĻ•āϰāχ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĨāϰ⧋ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϕ⧀ āĻāχ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻšā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϝ⧇ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻž āϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŽ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāρāϧāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāχ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻž- āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āϝāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻž āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύ⧈āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤

āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāϞ⧇āύ āϝ⧇, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāύāύāĻž āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϚāĻžāύ āϝ⧇ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύ, āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϕ⧋āĻŖ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĨāϰ⧋ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āϕ⧀ āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϤāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻĻ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϕ⧇āύ āϤāĻž āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻĻ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĨāϰ⧋āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇, āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻžāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāχ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚāϰāĻž āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϜāύ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāχāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āϝ, āϝāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāχ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϜāύ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ, āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āϐāϏāĻŦ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāχ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āϧāϰ⧋āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāĻŽā§‡āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϕ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ āϜāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ—āĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāϖ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ āϏ⧇ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϏ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āχ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

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English Summary (āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋ)

Thoreau opens his essay with the motto "That government is best which governs least." His distrust of government stems from the tendency of the latter to be "perverted and abused" before the people can actually express their will through it. A case in point is the Mexican war (1846-1848, which extended slavery into new US territories), orchestrated by a small Êlite of individuals who have manipulated government to their advantage against popular will. Government inherently lends itself to oppressive and corrupt uses since it enables a few men to impose their moral will on the majority and to profit economically from their own position of authority. Thoreau views government as a fundamental hindrance to the creative enterprise of the people it purports to represent. He cites as a prime example the regulation of trade and commerce, and its negative effect on the forces of the free market.

A man has an obligation to act according to the dictates of his conscience, even if the latter goes against majority opinion, the presiding leadership, or the laws of society. In cases where the government supports unjust or immoral laws, Thoreau's notion of service to one's country paradoxically takes the form of resistance against it. Resistance is the highest form of patriotism because it demonstrates a desire not to subvert government but to build a better one in the long term. Along these lines, Thoreau does not advocate a wholesale rejection of government, but resistance to those specific features deemed to be unjust or immoral.

In the American tradition, men have a recognized and cherished right of revolution, from which Thoreau derives the concept of civil disobedience. A man disgraces himself by associating with a government that treats even some of its citizens unjustly, even if he is not the direct victim of its injustice. Thoreau takes issue with William Paley, an English theologian and philosopher, who argues that any movement of resistance to government must balance the enormity of the grievance to be redressed and the "probability and expense" of redressing it. It may not be convenient to resist, and the personal costs may be greater than the injustice to be remedied; however, Thoreau firmly asserts the primacy of individual conscience over collective pragmatism.

Thoreau turns to the issue of effecting change through democratic means. The position of the majority, however legitimate in the context of a democracy, is not tantamount to a moral position. Thoreau believes that the real obstacle to reform lies with those who disapprove of the measures of government while tacitly lending it their practical allegiance. At the very least, if an unjust government is not to be directly resisted, a man of true conviction should cease to lend it his indirect support in the form of taxes. Thoreau acknowledges that it is realistically impossible to deprive the government of tax dollars for the specific policies that one wishes to oppose. Still, complete payment of his taxes would be tantamount to expressing complete allegiance to the State. Thoreau calls on his fellow citizens to withdraw their support from the government of Massachusetts and risk being thrown in prison for their resistance. Forced to keep all men in prison or abolish slavery, the State would quickly exhaust its resources and choose the latter course of action. For Thoreau, out of these acts of conscience flow "a man's real manhood and immortality."

Money is a generally corrupting force because it binds men to the institutions and the government responsible for unjust practices and policies, such as the enslavement of black Americans and the pursuit of war with Mexico. Thoreau sees a paradoxically inverse relationship between money and freedom. The poor man has the greatest liberty to resist because he depends the least on the government for his own welfare and protection.

After refusing to pay the poll tax for six years, Thoreau is thrown into jail for one night. While in prison, Thoreau realizes that the only advantage of the State is "superior physical strength." Otherwise, it is completely devoid of moral or intellectual authority, and even with its brute force, cannot compel him to think a certain way.

Why submit other people to one's own moral standard? Thoreau meditates at length on this question. While seeing his neighbors as essentially well- intentioned and in some respects undeserving of any moral contempt for their apparent indifference to the State's injustice, Thoreau nonetheless concludes that he has a human relation to his neighbors, and through them, millions of other men. He does not expect his neighbors to conform to his own beliefs, nor does he endeavor to change the nature of men. On the other hand, he refuses to tolerate the status quo.

Despite his stance of civil disobedience on the questions of slavery and the Mexican war, Thoreau claims to have great respect and admiration for the ideals of American government and its institutions. Thoreau goes so far as to state that his first instinct has always been conformity. Statesmen, legislators, politicians-in short, any part of the machinery of state bureaucracy--are unable to scrutinize the government that lends them their authority. Thoreau values their contributions to society, their pragmatism and their diplomacy, but feels that only someone outside of government can speak the Truth about it.

The purest sources of truth are, in Thoreau's view, the Constitution and the Bible. Not surprisingly, Thoreau holds in low esteem the entire political class, which he considers incapable of devising the most basic forms of legislation. In his last paragraph, Thoreau comes full circle to discussing the authority and reach of government, which derives from the "sanction and consent of the governed." Democracy is not the last step in the evolution of government, as there is still greater room for the State to recognize the freedom and rights of the individual. Thoreau concludes on an utopic note, saying such a State is one he has imagined "but not yet anywhere seen."

Themes

The right to resistance

Thoreau affirms the absolute right of individuals to withdraw their support from a government whose policies are immoral or unjust. He takes issue with the brand of moral philosophy that weighs the possible consequences of civil disobedience against the seriousness of the injustice. The methods of resistance Thoreau condones in his essay are pacifist and rely principally on economic pressure; for example, withholding taxes in order to drain the State of its resources and hence its ability to continue its unjust policies. The ultimate goal of civil disobedience is not to undermine democracy but to reinforce its core values of liberty and respect for the individual.

Individual conscience and morality

Only an individual can have and exercise a conscience. By definition, both the State and corporations are impersonal, amoral entities that are nonetheless composed of individuals. "It has been truly said, that a corporation has no conscience; but a corporation of conscientious men is a corporation with a conscience." An individual has a right and an obligation to "do at any time" what he deems right, to exercise his own conscience by refusing involvement or complicity in a government that enforces unjust policies. Civil disobedience is a necessary expression of individual conscience and morality, an attempt to reconfigure the relationship between the individual and the State by making the latter more equitable and less burdensome in its treatment of the former. While supportive of democratic principles, Thoreau does not believe in settling questions of fundamental moral importance by majority opinion.

Limited government

The most ideal form of government is one which exercises the least power and control over its citizens. Thoreau believes that government is an inherently intrusive force that stifles the creative enterprise of the people. His avowed faith in ordinary citizens stands in contrast to the entrenchment of an elite political class that Thoreau perceives as incompetent and ineffectual. His libertarian leanings are, however, tempered with limited support for some government initiatives, such as public education and highway maintenance. Democracy is not the last stage in the evolution of the State, as there is still greater room to recognize the freedom and rights of the individual. Thoreau pushes this line of thinking to its logical limit by envisioning a society in which government is eliminated altogether because men have the capacity to be self-regulating and independent.

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