Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Bangla - English Summary and Critical Review - PDF
M.A Final YearDepartment of EnglishCourse Name: ProseEnclouded Life and Literary WorkTopics: Civil Disobedience by Henry David ThoreauBangla & English Summary And Critical Review also Characters
Table of Contents- Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Bangla - English Summary and Critical Review - PDF
- M.A Final YearDepartment of EnglishCourse Name: ProseEnclouded Life and Literary WorkTopics: Civil Disobedience by Henry David ThoreauBangla & English Summary And Critical Review also CharactersTable of ContentsCivil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Bangla - English Summary and Critical Review - PDF
- āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻŽ (Life and Work of Henry David Thoreau)
- Literary Work of Henry David Thoreau
- āĻļāĻŋāϰā§āύāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ (About The Title Civil Disobedience
- āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻā§āĻ (About The Lesson)
- āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ (Bangla Summary)
- English Summary (āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋ)
- Themes
M.A Final Year
Department of English
Course Name: Prose
Enclouded Life and Literary Work
Topics: Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau
Bangla & English Summary And Critical Review also Characters

Table of Contents
- Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Bangla - English Summary and Critical Review - PDF
- M.A Final YearDepartment of EnglishCourse Name: ProseEnclouded Life and Literary WorkTopics: Civil Disobedience by Henry David ThoreauBangla & English Summary And Critical Review also CharactersTable of ContentsCivil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Bangla - English Summary and Critical Review - PDF
- āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻŽ (Life and Work of Henry David Thoreau)
- Literary Work of Henry David Thoreau
- āĻļāĻŋāϰā§āύāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ (About The Title Civil Disobedience
- āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻā§āĻ (About The Lesson)
- āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ (Bangla Summary)
- English Summary (āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋ)
- Themes
Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau
āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻŽ (Life and Work of Henry David Thoreau)
āĻāύā§āĻŽ: Henry David Thoreau ⧧⧍āĻ āĻā§āϞāĻžāĻ ā§§ā§Žā§§ā§ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻā§āϏā§āĻāϏ āĻāϰ āĻāύāĻāϰā§āĻĄā§ āĻāύā§āĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž: āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Concord Academy, Harvard College, Harvard University-āϤ⧠āϞā§āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§āĻŦāύ: āĻšā§āύāϰāĻŋ āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄ āĻĨā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāĻŽā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŦāύā§āϧāĻŋāĻ, āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻļāύāĻŋāĻ, āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻļā§āϰā§āώāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϏāĻĄā§āύā§āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāϞāĻŋāϏā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻĨā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞā§āĻĄā§āύ āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāύāϝāĻžāĻĒāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āϰāĻāύāĻž 'āϏāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻ
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āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāώā§āĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĨ¤
Literary Work of Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau āĻāϰ āϞā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ
- āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞā§āĻĄā§āύ
- āύāĻžāĻāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻž
- āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻž
- āĻāύāĻāϰā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ āϰāĻŋāĻā§āύāϏ āĻ āύ āĻāĻ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻš
- āĻā§āĻĒ āϏāĻŋāĻāĻĄāĻŋ
āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§: āĻāĻŦāĻŋ ā§Ŧ āĻŽā§ ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧ⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻā§āϏā§āĻāϏ āĻāϰ āĻāύāĻāϰā§āĻĄā§ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
āĻļāĻŋāϰā§āύāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ (About The Title Civil Disobedience
Thoreau's āĻāϰ āĻāĻ āϰāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāϰā§āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŋāϞ âResistance to Civil Government"āĨ¤ āϰāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻā§āϤā§āϤāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻā§āϤā§āϤāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ âOn the Duty of Civil Disobedience" āύāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻž 'Civil Disobedience' āύāĻžāĻŽā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻāύ⧠āϰāĻāύāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ
āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ âCivil Disobedience' āĻ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻāĻ āϝāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϞā§āĻ, āϤāĻžāϰ āϰāĻāĻŋāϤ "The Duty of submission to civil Government' āĻāĻāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϞāĻŋāĻā§āύāĨ¤
āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻā§āĻ (About The Lesson)
āĻšā§āύāϰ⧠āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ
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English Summary (āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋ)
Thoreau opens his essay with the motto "That government is best which governs least." His distrust of government stems from the tendency of the latter to be "perverted and abused" before the people can actually express their will through it. A case in point is the Mexican war (1846-1848, which extended slavery into new US territories), orchestrated by a small Êlite of individuals who have manipulated government to their advantage against popular will. Government inherently lends itself to oppressive and corrupt uses since it enables a few men to impose their moral will on the majority and to profit economically from their own position of authority. Thoreau views government as a fundamental hindrance to the creative enterprise of the people it purports to represent. He cites as a prime example the regulation of trade and commerce, and its negative effect on the forces of the free market.
A man has an obligation to act according to the dictates of his conscience, even if the latter goes against majority opinion, the presiding leadership, or the laws of society. In cases where the government supports unjust or immoral laws, Thoreau's notion of service to one's country paradoxically takes the form of resistance against it. Resistance is the highest form of patriotism because it demonstrates a desire not to subvert government but to build a better one in the long term. Along these lines, Thoreau does not advocate a wholesale rejection of government, but resistance to those specific features deemed to be unjust or immoral.
In the American tradition, men have a recognized and cherished right of revolution, from which Thoreau derives the concept of civil disobedience. A man disgraces himself by associating with a government that treats even some of its citizens unjustly, even if he is not the direct victim of its injustice. Thoreau takes issue with William Paley, an English theologian and philosopher, who argues that any movement of resistance to government must balance the enormity of the grievance to be redressed and the "probability and expense" of redressing it. It may not be convenient to resist, and the personal costs may be greater than the injustice to be remedied; however, Thoreau firmly asserts the primacy of individual conscience over collective pragmatism.
Thoreau turns to the issue of effecting change through democratic means. The position of the majority, however legitimate in the context of a democracy, is not tantamount to a moral position. Thoreau believes that the real obstacle to reform lies with those who disapprove of the measures of government while tacitly lending it their practical allegiance. At the very least, if an unjust government is not to be directly resisted, a man of true conviction should cease to lend it his indirect support in the form of taxes. Thoreau acknowledges that it is realistically impossible to deprive the government of tax dollars for the specific policies that one wishes to oppose. Still, complete payment of his taxes would be tantamount to expressing complete allegiance to the State. Thoreau calls on his fellow citizens to withdraw their support from the government of Massachusetts and risk being thrown in prison for their resistance. Forced to keep all men in prison or abolish slavery, the State would quickly exhaust its resources and choose the latter course of action. For Thoreau, out of these acts of conscience flow "a man's real manhood and immortality."
Money is a generally corrupting force because it binds men to the institutions and the government responsible for unjust practices and policies, such as the enslavement of black Americans and the pursuit of war with Mexico. Thoreau sees a paradoxically inverse relationship between money and freedom. The poor man has the greatest liberty to resist because he depends the least on the government for his own welfare and protection.
After refusing to pay the poll tax for six years, Thoreau is thrown into jail for one night. While in prison, Thoreau realizes that the only advantage of the State is "superior physical strength." Otherwise, it is completely devoid of moral or intellectual authority, and even with its brute force, cannot compel him to think a certain way.
Why submit other people to one's own moral standard? Thoreau meditates at length on this question. While seeing his neighbors as essentially well- intentioned and in some respects undeserving of any moral contempt for their apparent indifference to the State's injustice, Thoreau nonetheless concludes that he has a human relation to his neighbors, and through them, millions of other men. He does not expect his neighbors to conform to his own beliefs, nor does he endeavor to change the nature of men. On the other hand, he refuses to tolerate the status quo.
Despite his stance of civil disobedience on the questions of slavery and the Mexican war, Thoreau claims to have great respect and admiration for the ideals of American government and its institutions. Thoreau goes so far as to state that his first instinct has always been conformity. Statesmen, legislators, politicians-in short, any part of the machinery of state bureaucracy--are unable to scrutinize the government that lends them their authority. Thoreau values their contributions to society, their pragmatism and their diplomacy, but feels that only someone outside of government can speak the Truth about it.
The purest sources of truth are, in Thoreau's view, the Constitution and the Bible. Not surprisingly, Thoreau holds in low esteem the entire political class, which he considers incapable of devising the most basic forms of legislation. In his last paragraph, Thoreau comes full circle to discussing the authority and reach of government, which derives from the "sanction and consent of the governed." Democracy is not the last step in the evolution of government, as there is still greater room for the State to recognize the freedom and rights of the individual. Thoreau concludes on an utopic note, saying such a State is one he has imagined "but not yet anywhere seen."
Themes
The right to resistance
Thoreau affirms the absolute right of individuals to withdraw their support from a government whose policies are immoral or unjust. He takes issue with the brand of moral philosophy that weighs the possible consequences of civil disobedience against the seriousness of the injustice. The methods of resistance Thoreau condones in his essay are pacifist and rely principally on economic pressure; for example, withholding taxes in order to drain the State of its resources and hence its ability to continue its unjust policies. The ultimate goal of civil disobedience is not to undermine democracy but to reinforce its core values of liberty and respect for the individual.
Individual conscience and morality
Only an individual can have and exercise a conscience. By definition, both the State and corporations are impersonal, amoral entities that are nonetheless composed of individuals. "It has been truly said, that a corporation has no conscience; but a corporation of conscientious men is a corporation with a conscience." An individual has a right and an obligation to "do at any time" what he deems right, to exercise his own conscience by refusing involvement or complicity in a government that enforces unjust policies. Civil disobedience is a necessary expression of individual conscience and morality, an attempt to reconfigure the relationship between the individual and the State by making the latter more equitable and less burdensome in its treatment of the former. While supportive of democratic principles, Thoreau does not believe in settling questions of fundamental moral importance by majority opinion.
Limited government
The most ideal form of government is one which exercises the least power and control over its citizens. Thoreau believes that government is an inherently intrusive force that stifles the creative enterprise of the people. His avowed faith in ordinary citizens stands in contrast to the entrenchment of an elite political class that Thoreau perceives as incompetent and ineffectual. His libertarian leanings are, however, tempered with limited support for some government initiatives, such as public education and highway maintenance. Democracy is not the last stage in the evolution of the State, as there is still greater room to recognize the freedom and rights of the individual. Thoreau pushes this line of thinking to its logical limit by envisioning a society in which government is eliminated altogether because men have the capacity to be self-regulating and independent.